Endoscopic resection of extra-luminal gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors using a snare assisted external traction technique (with video).

OBJECTIVE: The primary purpose of the study was to explore the clinical efficacy of the novel snare assisted endoscopic resection of extraluminal growing gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (gastric GISTs) using external traction, and the secondary purpose was to compare the novel snare assisted endoscopic resection of extraluminal GISTs with the standard laparoscopic procedure. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the patients who underwent novel external traction assisted endoscopic resection or laparoscopic resection for their extraluminal gastric GIST ≤5 cm in diameter. RESULTS: A total of 111 patients (27 in the endoscopic group and 84 in the laparoscopic group) were included in this study. There was no significant difference in tumor diameter and complication rate between the two groups. The overall procedure time was slightly higher in the endoscopic group compared to the laparoscopic group (P = 0.034). However, postoperative hospitalization time (P < 0.001) and postoperative fasting time (P = 0.005) were shorter in the endoscopic group compared to the laparoscopic group. CONCLUSION: Snare external traction-assisted endoscopic resection of extraluminal growing gastric GISTs is safe and effective, and it provides a new adjunctive method for endoscopic resection of GIST.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ameliorates hyperuricemia in a novel model.

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic syndrome caused by abnormal purine metabolism. Although recent studies have noted a relationship between the gut microbiota and gout, whether the microbiota could ameliorate HUA-associated systemic purine metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we constructed a novel model of HUA in geese and investigated the mechanism by which Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) could have beneficial effects on HUA. The administration of antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments were used in this HUA goose model. The effects of LGG and its metabolites on HUA were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Heterogeneous expression and gene knockout of LGG revealed the mechanism of LGG. Multi-omics analysis revealed that the Lactobacillus genus is associated with changes in purine metabolism in HUA. This study showed that LGG and its metabolites could alleviate HUA through the gut-liver-kidney axis. Whole-genome analysis, heterogeneous expression, and gene knockout of LGG enzymes ABC-type multidrug transport system (ABCT), inosine-uridine nucleoside N-ribohydrolase (iunH), and xanthine permease (pbuX) demonstrated the function of nucleoside degradation in LGG. Multi-omics and a correlation analysis in HUA patients and this goose model revealed that a serum proline deficiency, as well as changes in Collinsella and Lactobacillus, may be associated with the occurrence of HUA. Our findings demonstrated the potential of a goose model of diet-induced HUA, and LGG and proline could be promising therapies for HUA.

A Serum Pharmacochemistry and Network Pharmacology-based Approach to Study the Anti-depressant Effect of Chaihu-Shugan San.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to explore the anti-depressant mechanism of Chaihu- Shugan San based on serum medicinal chemistry and network pharmacology methods. BACKGROUND: Depression lacks effective treatments, with current anti-depressants ineffective in 40% of patients. Chaihu-Shugan San (CHSGS) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine compound to treat depression. However, the chemical components and the underlying mechanisms targeting the liver and brain in the anti-depressant effects of CHSGS need to be elucidated. METHODS: The chemical components of CHSGS in most current network pharmacology studies are screened from TCMSP and TCMID databases. In this study, we investigated the mechanism and material basis of soothing the liver and relieving depression in the treatment of depression by CHSGS based on serum pharmacochemistry. The anti-depressant mechanism of CHSGS was further verified by proteomics and high-throughput data. RESULTS: Through serum medicinal chemistry, we obtained 9 bioactive substances of CHSGS. These ingredients have good human oral bioavailability and are non-toxic. Based on liver ChIPseq data, CHSGS acts on 8 targets specifically localized in the liver, such as FGA, FGB, and FGG. The main contributors to CHSGS soothing the liver qi targets are hesperetin, nobiletin, ferulic acid, naringin and albiflorin. In addition, network pharmacology analysis identified 9 blood components of CHSGS that corresponded to 63 anti-depressant targets in the brain. Among them, nobiletin has the largest number of anti-depressant targets, followed by glycyrrhizic acid, ferulic acid, albiflorin and hesperetin. We also validated the anti-depressant mechanism of CHSGS based on hippocampal proteomics. CHSGS exerts anti-depressant effects on synaptic structure and neuronal function by targeting multiple synapse related proteins. CONCLUSION: This study not only provides a theoretical basis for further expanding the clinical application of CHSGS, but also provides a series of potential lead compounds for the development of depression drugs.

Comparative Analysis of Enbloc or Piecemeal Removal After Enbloc Resection of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety and prognosis of enbloc or piecemeal removal after enbloc resection of a gastric GIST by comparing the clinical data of endoscopic en block resection and piecemeal removal (EP) and en block resection and complete removal (EC) of gastric GISTs. METHODS: A total of 111 (43 endoscopic piecemeal, and 68 complete removal) patients with gastric GIST's ≥ 2 cm in diameter who underwent endoscopic therapy from January 2016 to June 2020 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were retrospectively analyzed. In all cases, it was ensured that the tumor was intact during the resection, however, it was divided into EP group and EC group based on whether the tumor was completely removed or was cut into pieces which were then removed. The patients' recurrence-free survival rate and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were recorded. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in RFS rates between the two groups (P = 0.197). The EP group had relatively high patient age, tumor diameter, risk classification, and operation time. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the number of nuclear fission images, postoperative hospitalization time, postoperative fasting time, complication rate and complication grading between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic piecemeal removal after en block resection of gastric GIST is safe and effective and achieves similar clinical outcomes as complete removal after en block resection.

Alistipes indistinctus-derived hippuric acid promotes intestinal urate excretion to alleviate hyperuricemia.

Hyperuricemia induces inflammatory arthritis and accelerates the progression of renal and cardiovascular diseases. Gut microbiota has been linked to the development of hyperuricemia through unclear mechanisms. Here, we show that the abundance and centrality of Alistipes indistinctus are depleted in subjects with hyperuricemia. Integrative metagenomic and metabolomic analysis identified hippuric acid as the key microbial effector that mediates the uric-acid-lowering effect of A. indistinctus. Mechanistically, A. indistinctus-derived hippuric acid enhances the binding of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) to the promoter of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), which in turn boosts intestinal urate excretion. To facilitate this enhanced excretion, hippuric acid also promotes ABCG2 localization to the brush border membranes in a PDZ-domain-containing 1 (PDZK1)-dependent manner. These findings indicate that A. indistinctus and hippuric acid promote intestinal urate excretion and offer insights into microbiota-host crosstalk in the maintenance of uric acid homeostasis.

Comprehensive Analysis of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Rehmannia chingii: An Autotrophic Species in the Orobanchaceae Family.

Rehmannia chingii is an important medicinal plant with immense value in scientific research. However, its mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has not yet been characterized. Herein, based on whole-genome Illumina short reads and PacBio HiFi reads, we obtained the complete mitogenome of R. chingii through a de novo assembly strategy. We carried out comparative genomic analyses and found that, in comparison with the plastid genome (plastome) showing a high degree of structural conservation, the R. chingii mitogenome structure is relatively complex, showing an intricate ring structure with 16 connections, owing to five repetitive sequences. The R. chingii mitogenome was 783,161 bp with a GC content of 44.8% and contained 77 genes, comprising 47 protein-coding genes (CDS), 27 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes. We counted 579 RNA editing events in 47 CDS and 12,828 codons in all CDSs of the R. chingii mitogenome. Furthermore, 24 unique sequence transfer fragments were found between the mitogenome and plastome, comprising 8 mitogenome CDS genes and 16 plastome CDS genes, corresponding to 2.39% of the R. chingii mitogenome. Mitogenomes had shorter but more collinear regions, evidenced by a comparison of the organelles of non-parasitic R. chingii, hemiparasitic Pedicularis chinensis, and holoparasitic Aeginetia indica in the Orobanchaceae family. Moreover, from non-parasitic to holoparasitic species, the genome size in the mitogenomes of Orobanchaceae species did not decrease gradually. Instead, the smallest mitogenome was found in the hemiparasitic species P. chinensis, with a size of 225,612 bp. The findings fill the gap in the mitogenome research of the medicinal plant R. chingii, promote the progress of the organelle genome research of the Orobanchaceae family, and provide clues for molecular breeding.

Moxibustion ameliorates visceral hypersensitivity by regulating hypothalamus-spinal cord-colon axis in rats with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. / 基于下丘脑-脊髓-ç»“è‚ è½´æŽ¢è®¨è‰¾ç¸æ”¹å–„è ¹æ³»åž‹è‚ æ˜“æ¿€ç»¼åˆå¾å¤§é¼ å† è„é«˜æ•æ„Ÿçš„ä½œç”¨æœºåˆ¶.

OBJECTIVES: To observe the effect of moxibustion intervention on the hypothalamus-spinal cord-colon axis of rats with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) and explore the mechanism of moxibustion in improving visceral hypersensitivity in rats with IBS-D. METHODS: A total of 36 SD rats were randomly divided into normal, model, and moxibustion groups, with 12 rats in each group. The IBS-D model was established by maternal separation + acetic acid stimulation + chronic restraint. Rats of the moxibustion group received bilateral moxibustion on "Tianshu" (ST25) and "Shangjuxu" (ST37) for 15 min, once a day for 7 consecutive days. The body weight, loose stool rate, and minimum threshold volume of abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) were measured before and after moxibustion intervention, respectively. The histopathological changes in the colon tissue were observed after HE staining. The number of colonic mucosal mast cells (MCs) was measured by toluidine blue staining. The activation of MCs was determined by tryptase positive expression level and examined by immunohistochemical staining. The content, protein and mRNA expression levels and positive expression levels of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the hypothalamus, spinal cord and colon tissues were measured by ELISA, Western blot, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the loose stool rate was increased (P<0.01)；the body weight and minimum threshold volume of AWR were decreased (P<0.01)；the inflammatory infiltration of colon tissues was obvious；the number of MCs and positive expression level of tryptase in the colon tissue were increased (P<0.01)；the contents, positive expression le-vels, protein and mRNA expression levels of CRF, SP and CGRP in the hypothalamus, spinal cord and colon tissues were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05) in the model group. After the intervention, compared with the model group, all these indicators showed opposite trends (P<0.01, P<0.05) in the moxibustion group. CONCLUSIONS: Moxibustion can improve visceral hypersensitivity in rats with IBS-D, and its mechanism may be related to regulating the hypothalamic-spinal-colon axis to reduce the release of CRF, SP and CGRP, and thus to inhibite MC in colon tissue.

BR109, a Novel Fully Humanized T-Cell-Engaging Bispecific Antibody with GPRC5D Binding, Has Potent Antitumor Activities in Multiple Myeloma.

At present, multiple myeloma (MM) is still an essentially incurable hematologic malignancy. Although BCMA-targeted therapies have achieved remarkable results, BCMA levels were found to be downregulated in patients with MM who relapsed after these treatments. Therefore, the search for other antigens specific to MM has become a priority. Independently of BCMA expression, G-protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 member D (GPRC5D) is mainly expressed in the plasma cells of MM patients, while it is expressed in a limited number of normal tissues. Combining MM-specific antigen GPRC5D and T-cell-mediated therapies would be a promising therapeutic strategy for MM. Recently, we constructed a new anti-GPRC5D × anti-CD3 T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody (TCB), BR109, which was capable of binding to human GPRC5D and human CD3ε. Moreover, BR109 was proven to have relatively good stability and antitumor activity. BR109 could specifically trigger T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity against many GPRC5D-positive MM cells in vitro. Meanwhile, antitumor activity was demonstrated in MM cell line xenograft mouse models with human immune cell reconstitution. These preclinical studies have formed a solid foundation for the evaluation of MM treatment efficacy in clinical trials.

Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in patients who had a stroke: a systematic review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Stroke is a common chronic disease with high rates of morbidity and disability and a great burden on patients. As a result, it affects daily activities of patients and causes negative emotions, which seriously affect their quality of life. As a new type of cognitive-behavioural therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) may be useful to improve the mental health of patients who had a stroke. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the intervention effect of ACT in patients who had a stroke, which may provide further clinical evidence. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A systematic search of databases, including CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and APA PsycArticles, will be conducted from their inception to 31 October 2022. All randomised controlled trials, quasi-experiments and case studies relevant to ACT will be included in English and Chinese. Two independent reviewers will conduct the review, with data extraction and quality evaluation. Review Manager V.5.4 will be used to assess the risk of bias and meta-analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This systematic review does not require formal ethical approval, because all data will be analysed anonymously. The results will provide an overall review and evidence of the efficacy of ACT in patients who had a stroke. These findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022355629.

A novel monospecific tetravalent IgG1-(scFv)2 version shown enhanced neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector functions against SARS-CoV-2.

Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nMABs) have been proved to be effective therapeutics in treating coronavirus disease (COVID-19). To enhance the potency of nMAB 553-15, we generated a novel monospecific tetravalent IgG1-(scFv)2 version. This was achieved by covalently fusing two forms of 553-15-derived single chain variable fragments (scFv) to the C-terminus of the hIgG1 (human Immunoglobulin G1) Fc fragment. We found that the Fc-fused VL-linker-VH format achieved similar binding affinity and neutralizing behavior as 553-15. The tetravalent versions were constructed by fusing the scFv domains to the C-terminus of nMAB 553-15. As a result, the tetravalent version 55,315-VLVH exhibited significantly higher binding activity to target spike protein variants and enhanced neutralization against VOCs (variants of concern) pseudovirus compared to 553-15. We also measured the Fc effector responses of candidates using wild-type Spike-expressing CHOK1 cells. The 55,315-VLVH enhanced the function of ADCP (antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis) but had similar IL-6 release levels compared to the bivalent 553-15. It seemed that the novel tetravalent version avoids the pro-inflammatory effect induced by macrophage activation. However, the 55,315-VLVH displayed slightly increased potency in ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) and CDC (complement-dependent cytotoxicity), which might contribute to higher systemic inflammation. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether the tetravalent version is beneficial to balance efficiency and safety against COVID-19.

Rapid and precise detection of cancers via label-free SERS and deep learning.

Early, express, and reliable detection of cancer can provide a favorable prognosis and decrease mortality. Tumor biomarkers have been proven to be closely related to tumor occurrence and development. Conventional tumor biomarker detection based on genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic methods is time and equipment-consuming and always needs a specific target marker. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), as a non-invasive ultrasensitive and label-free vibrational spectroscopy technique, can detect cancer-related biomedical changes in biofluids. In this paper, 110 serum samples were collected from 30 healthy controls and 80 cancer patients (including 30 bladder cancer (BC), 30 adrenal cancer (AC), and 20 acute myeloid leukemia (AML)). One microliter of blood serum was mixed with 1 µl silver colloid and then was air-dried for SERS measurements. After spectral data augmentation, one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) was proposed for precise and rapid identification of healthy and three different cancers with high accuracy of 98.27%. After gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) based spectral interpretation, the contributions of SERS peaks corresponding to biochemical substances indicated the most potential biomarkers, i.e., L-tyrosine in bladder cancer; acetoacetate and riboflavin in adrenal cancer and phospholipids, amide-I, and α-Helix in acute myeloid leukemia, which might provide an insight into the mechanism of intelligent diagnosis of different cancers based on label-free serum SERS. The integration of label-free SERS and deep learning has great potential for the rapid, reliable, and non-invasive detection of cancers, which may significantly improve the precise diagnosis in clinical practice.

[Moxibustion relieves colonic inflammation by up-regulating expression of miR-345-3p/miR-216a-5p and down-regulating NF-κB p65 in colonic tissue of rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of moxibustion on the expression of miR-345-3p, miR-216a-5p and nuclear factor-κB p65(NF-κB p65) in colonic tissue of rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), so as to explore its anti-inflammatory mechanism in relieving IBS-D. METHODS: SD rats were randomly divided into normal control (n=12), model (n=12), moxibustion (n=12) and ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC,n=12) groups. The IBS-D model was established by neonatal mother-child separation combined with acetic acid enema stimulation and chronic binding methods. The rats in the moxibustion group received moxibustion stimulation of "Tianshu"(ST25) and "Shangjuxu"(ST37) for 20 min, once a day, for 7 days, and those of the PDTC group received intraperitoneal injection of PDTC (50 mg·kg-1·d-1) once daily for 7 days. After the intervention, the body weight, loose stool rate and the minimum volume threshold of abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) were observed, and histopathological changes of colonic mucosa were observed by HE staining. The contents of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF- α) in serum were measured by ELISA. The expression of miR-345-3p, miR-216a-5p and NF-κB p65 mRNA in the colon tissue were detected by quantitative real-time PCR, and the immunoactivities of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB p65 in the colon tissue were determined by immunofluorescence histochemistry. RESULTS: Compared with the normal control group, the loose stool rate, contents of IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α, experssion of NF-κB p65 mRNA and the immunoactivities of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB p65 were significantly increased (P<0.01), whereas the body weight, minimum volume threshold of AWR, content of IL-4, and the relative expression of miR-345-3p and miR-216a-5p were remarkably decreased in the model group (P<0.01). In comparison with the model group, the loose stool rate, contents of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, expression of NF-κB p65 mRNA and the immunoactivities of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB p65 were considerably down-regulated (P<0.01), while the content of IL-4 and the relative expressions of miR-345-3p and miR-216a-5p were obviously up-regulated in both moxibustion and PDTC groups (P<0.01, P<0.05). The content of IL-6 in serum was significantly lower in the PDTC group than in the moxibustion group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Moxibustion can reduce the level of intestinal inflammation and visceral hypersensitivity in IBS-D rats, which may be related to its functions in increasing the expression levels of miR-345-3p and miR-216a-5p and in inhibiting the expression of NF-κB p65, thus reducing the levels of inflammatory factors.

[Effect of moxibustion on immune function homeostasis in rats with diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome based on SCF/c-kit signaling pathway].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of moxibustion on the stem cell factor (SCF)/tyrosine kinase receptor (c-kit) signaling pathway and immune function in rats with diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), and to explore the mechanism of moxibustion for IBS-D. METHODS: Among 52 young rats born from 6 healthy pregnant SPF rats, 12 rats were randomly selected into the normal group, and the remaining 40 rats were treated with the three-factor combination method of maternal separation, acetic acid enema and chronic restraint stress to establish the IBS-D rat model. Thirty-six rats with successful IBS-D model were randomly divided into a model group, a moxibustion group, and a medication group, 12 rats in each group. The rats in the moxibustion group were treated with suspension moxibustion at "Tianshu" (ST 25) and "Shangjuxu" (ST 37); the rats in the medication group were treated with intragastric administration of rifaximin suspension (150 mg/kg). All the treatments were given once a day for 7 consecutive days. The body mass, loose stool rate (LSR), the minimum volume threshold when abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scored 3 were measured before acetic acid enema (35 days old), after modeling (45 days old), and after intervention (53 days old). After intervention (53 days old), HE staining was used to observe the morphology of colon tissue, and spleen and thymus coefficients were measured; ELISA method was used to detect serum inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor a [TNF-a], interleukin [IL]-10, IL-8), T-lymphocyte subsets (CD+4, CD+8, CD+45), value of CD+4/CD+8 and immune globulin (IgA, IgG, IgM); real-time PCR method and Western blot method was used to detect the expression of SCF, c-kit mRNA and protein in colon tissue; immunofluorescence staining method were used to detect positive expression of SCF and c-kit. RESULTS: After intervention, compared with the normal group, in the model group, the body mass and the minimum volume threshold when AWR scored 3 were decreased (P<0.01), LSR, spleen and thymus coefficients, serum levels of TNF-α, IL-8, CD+4, CD+45, CD+4/CD+8, IgA, IgG, IgM were increased (P<0.01), serum IL-10 level and protein and mRNA expression of SCF and c-kit in colon tissue were decreased (P<0.01), and the positive expression of SCF and c-kit was decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, in the moxibustion group and the medication group, the body mass and the minimum volume threshold when AWR scored 3 were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), LSR, spleen and thymus coefficients, serum levels of TNF-α, IL-8, CD+4, CD+8, CD+45, CD+4/CD+8, IgA, IgG, IgM were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05), serum IL-10 level and protein and mRNA expression of SCF and c-kit in colon tissue were increased (P<0.01), and the positive expression of SCF and c-kit was increased (P<0.01). Compared with the medication group, in the moxibustion group, the level of serum CD+4 was decreased (P<0.05), the value of CD+4/CD+8 was increased (P<0.01), and there was no significant difference in other indexes (P>0.05). The expression of SCF and c-kit mRNA was positively correlated with the minimum volume threshold when AWR scored 3 and IL-10 (P<0.01), and negatively correlated with remaining indexes (P<0.01, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Moxibustion could reduce visceral hypersensitivity, improve symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea in IBS-D rats, and its mechanism may be related to up-regulation of the expression of SCF/c-kit signaling pathway and improvement of IBS-D immune function.

Visible-Light-Promoted Cyanoalkylation/Cyclization Cascade Reaction to Assemble Polyheterocycles in Continuous Flow.

This study describes a visible-light-induced cascade reaction for preparing cyanoalkyl-containing polyheterocycles initiated by the photoinduced radical cascade addition of N-arylacrylamide derivatives using cyclic oxime esters as radical sources followed by cyanoalkyl-mediated cyclization. This protocol features outstanding functional group compatibility, providing a variety of desired phenanthridine derivatives in moderate to good yields. Moreover, the application of a microflow technique enhanced these reactions compared with the equivalent batch reaction, significantly reducing reaction times to 10 min.

The influencing factors of individual interest in physical education based on decision tree model: A cross-sectional study.

To identify the key influencing factors and analyze the internal relationship among the factors of individual interest in PE, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of a large sample of Chinese young students based on the decision tree model. A total of 3,640 young students (M age = 14.16; 7-18 years; SD = 2.66, 47% boys) were investigated by using six questionnaires, including individual interest in physical PE, self-efficacy, achievement goals, expectancy value in PE, PE knowledge and skills and PE learning environment. Results showed there were a total of seven variables entered into the decision tree model, which was 3 layers high, including 38 nodes. The root node was expectancy value which was divided by sports knowledge and skills and self-efficacy. The third layer included mastery-approach goal, family sports environment, performance-avoidance goal and gender. The results depict that expectancy value of PE was the most important influencing factors of adolescent students' individual interest in PE in this study, and the other important factors were sports knowledge and skills, self-efficacy, mastery-approach goal, family sports environment, performance-avoidance goal, and gender, respectively. The implications for PE are: (1) Improve the status of the PE curriculum and enhance students' recognition of the value of PE; (2) Strengthen the teaching of knowledge and skills to avoid low-level repetitive teaching; (3) Enhance success experience and foster sports self-efficacy; and (4) Establish reasonable sports goals to foster individual interest in sports learning.

[Anti-inflammation effect of moxibustion for rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome based on multiple miRNAs regulating NF-κB signal pathway].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of moxibustion on the regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and inflammatory factors by multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) in rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), and to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of moxibustion on IBS-D. METHODS: Twelve of 52 newborn rats were randomly selected into a normal group. The remaining rats were made into IBS-D model. A total of 36 rats with successful model were randomly divided into a model group, a medication group and a moxibustion group, 12 rats in each group. The rats in the medication group were intraperitoneally injected with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). The rats in the moxibustion group were treated with moxibustion at "Tianshu" (ST 25) and "Shangjuxu" (ST 37) for 20 min each time. All the intervention was given once a day for 7 days. Before and after modeling as well as after intervention, the body mass, loose stool rate and the minimum volume threshold of abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) were measured. After intervention, the contents of serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-8 were detected by ELISA method; the morphology of colon tissues was observed by HE staining, and the expressions of miR-155, miR-125b, miR-29b, miR-31, miR-18a and NF-κB p65 mRNA in colon tissues were detected by real-time PCR. The expressions of NF-κB p65, TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-8 protein in colon tissues were detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: After modeling, the body mass and the minimum volume threshold of AWR in the model group were lower than those in the normal group (P<0.01); the rates of loose stool in the model group were higher than those in the normal group (P<0.01); after intervention, in the model group, the inflammatory infiltration of colon tissues was obvious, and the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1 ß, IL-8 were higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05); the expression of miR-155, miR-125b, miR-29b, miR-31, miR-18a and NF-κB p65 mRNA in colon tissues was higher than that in the normal group (P<0.05); the protein expression of NF-κB p65, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-8 was also higher than that in the normal group (P<0.01). After intervention, the body mass and the minimum volume threshold of AWR in the medication group and the moxibustion group were both higher than those in the model group (P<0.05); the loose stool rate in the medication group and the moxibustion group were lower than those in model group (P<0.05); the inflammatory cells infiltration in the colon tissues was less, the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-8 as well as the protein expression of NF-κB p65, TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-8 in the colon tissues in the medication group and the moxibustion group were lower than those in the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01). The expression of miR-125b, miR-31, miR-18a and NF-κB p65 mRNA in the medication group were lower than those in the model group (P<0.05). The expression of miR-155, miR-125b, miR-29b, miR-31, miR-18a and NF-κB p65 mRNA in the moxibustion group were lower than those in the model group (P<0.05). The miR-155, miR-125b, miR-29b, miR-31, miR-18a were positively correlated with NF-κB p65 mRNA (0

Phylogenomics and diversification drivers of the Eastern Asian - Eastern North American disjunct Podophylloideae.

Evolutionary and biogeographic processes determine species richness patterns of vascular plants between Eastern Asia (EA) and Eastern North America (ENA). However, the strikingly higher species richness of EA relative to ENA remains poorly understood from this perspective. Here, we studied the relative importance of biogeographical, evolutionary and ecological factors underlying differences in species richness between EA and ENA in Podophylloideae (Berberidaceae, Ranunculales; in total 10 spp. in EA vs. 2 spp. in ENA). Based on large-scale transcriptome data, our phylogenomic analyses strongly supported Podophylloideae and its two multi-species genera, i.e. Dysosma (EA) and Diphylleia (EA/ENA), as monophyletic groups. Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (EA) was identified as sister to the remainder of Podophylloideae. Dysosma (7 spp.) was recovered as sister to Podophyllum peltatum (ENA), forming an EA-ENA disjunct pair with a strong bias of species diversity in the EA counterpart. Our biogeographic analyses support the 'out-of-Tibet' hypothesis, suggesting that Podophylloideae started to diversify in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains (Mid-Miocene) and migrated eastward (since the Late Miocene) into Central-eastern China, Japan, and ENA (only P. peltatum and Diphylleia cymosa). Overall, we conclude that the striking species diversity anomaly between EA and ENA in Podophylloideae may be explained by a combination of (1) a longer period of time available to accumulate species in EA; and (2) a greater diversification rate in EA, which might have been promoted by greater physiographic and environmental heterogeneity in this region.

Correction: Mouse Models of Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Ventricle, Cortex, and Hippocampus by Injections of Autologous Blood or Collagenase.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097423.].